Is expert testimony required to reduce future economic damages to present value?

Answer: Yes, but the defendant who wants it reduced must present the evidence. See: Miller v. Union Pacific RR Co., 900 F.2d 223, 225-26 (10th Cir. 1990): Defendant asking reduction to present worth must provide evidence as to inflation or discount rate. See also: MKT v. Edwards, 361 P.2d 459, 467 (Okla. 1961): Where future damages are awarded, the present worth of the amount awarded will be considered; Bready v. Tipton, 407 P.2d 194 (Okla. 1965): Present worth rule does not apply to intangible damages, such as P & S, nor to loss of future earnings of child where no reliable evidence of earning capacity. See 3 PIADD, §3.04[8], p.206 et seq.

If both medpay and UM are available under the policy, you can claim them both.

Answer: Yes. See: Aetna v. State Board of Prop. & Cas. Rates, 1981 OK 153, 637 P.2d 1251: Med pay offset against UM invalid. No subrogation for medical bills paid under UM

Have a case with 100k policy limit. Policy says costs and fees come out of that limit. Can they do that?

Answer: Probably, so long as the policy is not a statutory policy so that applying the reduction for defense costs would provide less coverage than the statute requires.  The general rule is that if the coverage is not statutorily required, the parties are free to contract for whatever policy provisions they wish.  See: Frank v. Allstate, 1986 OK 42, 727 P.2d 577; Equity Mut. Ins. Co. v. Spring Valley Wholesale Nursery, Inc., 1987 OK 121, 747 P.2d 947.

I have a nursing home case where we plead two separate incidents. Insurance company takes the position that we have only one claim for coverage purposes, regardless of how many separate incidents or injuries. Carrier relies on policy language that "Related Claims Deemed Single Claim," that then recites policy language stating that basically everything that happens to the person is a related claim.

Answer: Not sure I know enough about your case to intelligently respond but be aware Oklahoma follows a “cause” analysis of whether multiple claims constitute one occurrence or multiple occurrences. There are two cases applying Oklahoma law on the issue. See: Business Interiors, Inc. v. Aetna Cas. and Sur. Co., 751 F.2d 361 (10th Cir. 1984): Oklahoma will adopt the “cause” analysis, so embezzlement by 39 checks over 7 months was a single loss; Transport Ins. Co. v. Lee Way Motor Freight, Inc., 487 F.Supp. 1325 (N.D. Tex 1980) (Multiple claims of discrimination arising from a single employment practice gave rise to only one occurrence). See also: Anno. 64 ALR4th 688 What Constitutes Single Accident or Occurrence Within Liability Policy Limiting Insurer’s Liability to a Specified Amount Per Accident or Occurrence.

I have a case where my client was injured in auto accident on the job. Tortfeasor has limited coverage. My client has UM which says coverage may not apply due to exclusions in the policy relating to claims for bodily injury covered by WC.

Answer: You may have a bad faith case. The work comp exclusion from UM is invalid, as a matter of law. See: Bill Hodges Truck Company v. Humphrey, 1984 OK CIV APP 55, 704 P.2d 94: no UM offset against workers' compensation recovery. And Thrasher v. Act-Fast Labor Pool, Inc., 1991 OK 12, 806 P.2d 640: No subrogation of Workers' Compensation against UM; suit against UM carrier does not require filing election in Workers' Compensation Court. The insurance company should have known that.

Does a Medicare lien attach to med-pay benefits paid in an Oklahoma wreck and Oklahoma policy and if so must the insurance company pay the med-pay benefit directly to the medical provider? An adjuster I'm dealing with is claiming yes on both questions.

Answer: Medicare’s lien does attach to med-pay. 42 U.S.C.A. §1395y(b) (2) (B) (iii). See also: 67 OBJ 1092 “Simple Steps to Subrogation in Personal Injury Cases Involving Medicare Beneficiaries” Lanell Webb Collins. The insurance company is liable if the lien does not get paid so the insurance company is likely to want to pay it direct. I have had them let me give them an indemnification where I personally agree to indemnify the insurance company if the lien does not get paid.

Do you have a Blue Cross Blue Shield policy so I can see the subrogation language?

Answer: Be careful about relying on the BC/BS subrogation language from some other policy. BC/BS has a bewildering array of plans and the subrogation provisions are not always the same. Get your client’s employee benefit booklet and examine that language.

Can I recover expert witness fees as costs?

Answer: The law seems to be pretty well developed on this. You can recover if it is the opponent’s expert whom you had to depose but cannot if it is your expert. Dulan v. Johnston, 687 P.2d 1045 (Okla. 1984): Expert witness fee not allowable as costs. 12 O.S. 1999 Supp. § 942 - Costs which judges may [meaning “must” per Atchley v. Hewes, 1998 OK CIV APP 143, 965 P.2d 1012] award include “statutory” witness fees. Atchley v. Hewes, 1998 OK CIV APP 143, 965 P.2d 1012: Reasonable fees paid an expert witness for discovery per 12 O.S. Supp. 1996 § 3226(B)(3)(c)(1) are recoverable as costs under 12 O.S. 1999 Supp. § 942. A doctor is an expert witness when she is retained specifically to testify at trial and express an opinion based both on facts gleaned from exam and consideration of matters within the doctor’s realm of expertise. A party’s treating physician is not considered an expert witness unless doctor’s opinion to be introduced at trial is based both on treatment of party whose condition is at issue and consideration of matters within doctor’s realm of expertise that are outside the patient’s treatment. 965 P.2d 1012, 1015, citing McCoy v. Black, 1997 OK CIV APP 78, 949 P.2d 689.

My client was in an accident while on his scooter. Does his med pay on one of his other vehicles follow him onto the scooter as would UM?

Answer: There probably is not coverage. Med-pay is different than UM in that med-pay is not a statutorily required coverage so the insurance company is permitted to write restrictive provisions in med-pay which would not be valid in UM policies because the UM is statutorily required and insurance companies cannot dilute that coverage. See: Frank v. Allstate, 1986 OK 42, 727 P.2d 577. which holds you do not stack med-pay like you do UM, for that reason. Most med-pay policies contain an “owned but not insured” policy provision that there is no coverage if the insured is occupying a vehicle owned by the insured or a member of the insured’s household but which is not covered under the policy. This provision is valid under med-pay, for the reason stated above

Can I make a claim for liability on a "host" of a Super Bowl party? The driver went to the party, then to a bar, having several drinks at each before crashing into my client.

Answer: I think there is no liability for the social host. See: McGee v. Alexander, 2001 OK 78, 37 P.3d 78: Social host liability rejected as to hospital throwing a business-related party at a country club. You might get outside this rule if the drinking driver is a minor.

I have a car wreck case with limited liability coverage, big damages, and a question about UM Coverage. Do I need to name the UM Carriers as Defendants?

Answer: If you have a UM coverage problem, it makes sense to join the UM carrier and litigate that while you’re litigating the underlying BI claim. If you don’t have a coverage issue, you may be better off just suing the tortfeasor and putting the UM carrier on notice, which will bind the UM carrier as to the finding of liability and damages under Keel v. M FA, 1976 OK 86, 553 P.2d 153.

I took over a case from a lawyer who filed a good case about two years ago and did not issue summons. I filed an amended petition and issued summonses and served it. The defense has filed a motion to dismiss, citing 12 O.S § 2004(I) Rule 9 of the Rules for District Courts and 12 OS § 1083. I think that with an amended petition and fresh summonses served timely that there is no basis for dismissing the petition now, particularly since I guess I could refile under 12 O.S. § 100. Any thoughts?

Answer: I suspect your heartburn here comes from Wiley Elec., Inc. v. Brantley, 1988 OK 80, 760 P.2d 182. There, the plaintiff tried to file an amended petition in an already dismissed case. The Court held you couldn’t do that because once the first case was dismissed, the court had no jurisdiction. Take a look at Medlin v. Texaco, Inc., 1996 OK CIV APP 96, 926 P.2d 804. There, the suit remained pending as to another defendant, so the court held that circumstance distinguished Wiley Electric. You also need to be aware of several cases holding the filing of an amended petition without leave of court is a nullity. See: Sedbrook v. Rouse, 1994 OK CIV APP 181, 894 P.2d 435 and Hunter v. Echols, 1991 OK 114, 820 P.2d 450. I’m concerned with how the court will treat your filing of an amended petition. If the court says that was your second filing, life could become very difficult for you.

I represent a man injured by a drunk driver in a motor vehicle accident. I got a default judgment and the drunk filed bankruptcy to discharge the judgment. It is my understanding pursuant to 11 U.S.C.A. 1328 the debt is non-dischargeable. However, I have heard some discussion that there might be some way the debtor/tortfeasor can successfully discharge the debt owed to my client.

Answer: I think it is dischargeable. It wasn’t before the bankruptcy reform act but I think that changed the rule. See: In re Galvan, ___ (D.C.Colo. 1984): Debtor’s DUI was type of conduct so likely to cause injury as to be deemed intentional and non-dischargeable. Probably overruled. In re Compos, 768 F.2d 1155 (10th Cir. 1985): Debtor could discharge damages from DUI accident. Specific intent to injure (not to commit act) required under Bankruptcy Reform Act; §523(a)(6).

Nursing home resident, now deceased, but I cannot make the death connection. Good survivorship damages, however. Never married, survived by brother only. Nephew had POA prior to death. Assuming I want to file by Friday, who is my Plaintiff - the brother? Any basis for permitting nephew to be Plaintiff?

Answer: You can file in the name of the not-yet-existent estate and then get an estate set up and then substitute the estate as plaintiff. See: Weeks v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 1994 OK CIV APP 171, 895 P.2d 731 (Approved for Publication by Supreme Court) and Broadway v. Peak Medical, 2005 OK CIV APP 63, 120 P.3d 872.

Insurer wants to provide defense under reservation of rights. Do you have any recent decision as to the right (and the wisdom) of the insured to reject a defense under reservation and demand that the carrier either extend coverage or stand aside, and be exposed to the possibility of default judgment? I would think a conflict arises if an insurer is allowed to build a policy defense against the person it is defending.

Answer: It has been a while since I researched whether the insurance company can defend under reservation over the objection of the insured. I was surprised to learn authorities around the country are almost evenly split between those holding the insurance company must either defend unconditionally or get out of the case and those saying the insurance company can continue to defend even over the objection of the insured. For some reason, I am only finding the cases I cited in support of the proposition that the insurance company can’t defend under reservation without the insured’s permission. These are: Connolly v. Standard Casualty Co., 73 N.W.2d 119 (S.D. 1955); Boise Motor Car Co. v. St. Paul Mercury Indemnity Co., 112 P.2d 1011 (Idaho 1941); Hawkeye Cas. Co. v. Stoker, 48 N.W.2d 623 (Neb. 1951); and Beatty v. Employers’ Liability Assurance Corp., 168 Atl. 919 (Vt. 1933). My position on whether to demand the company defend unconditionally is determined by how strongly I think the insurance company feels about its coverage defense. I have found if they are not too proud of the coverage defense in the first place, they will usually abandon the reservation letter and agree to extend coverage. If they are real serious about the defense, you may well end up with a very expensive defense bill if you insist on the company making the decision.

Is it proper to compound prejudgment interest on a yearly basis? Our reading of the 12 O.S. § 727.1 (E) doesn't provide us a clear answer.

Answer: Lee v. Volkswagen of America, Inc., 1987 OK 80, 743 P.2d 1067 discusses compounding post-judgment interest which is now permitted pursuant to statutory amendment. I am not aware of anything providing for compounding prejudgment interest. Also, prejudgment interest in a BI case virtually goes away with HB 1603 because it does away with post-judgment interest for the first 24 months a suit is pending.

Can I use defendant’s conviction of traffic charge from auto wreck as proof of same offense and liability in ensuing civil action.  I want to argue issue of his liability has already been determined under a higher burden of proof than in my civil action?

Answer:  The traffic conviction (as opposed to a plea of guilty, admissible as an admission) cannot be shown.  See: O’Neal v. Joy Ind. School Dist., 1991 OK 118, 820 P.2d 1334, 1336: “Absent some exception to the settled rule, evidence of a prior conviction for a minor offense may not be admitted into evidence in a subsequent civil action arising from the same facts and circumstances in the face of a timely objection.”  The rationale is that one doesn’t have the same motivation to litigate vigorously a traffic ticket as you do a civil action or a serious crime.  It would be unfair to bind someone in a multi-thousand dollar civil case from a failure to vigorously defend a $200 fine in a traffic case.

Can I still file a direct action against trucking company’s insurance company?

Answer: Only if the carrier is an intra-state carrier licensed in Oklahoma, under 47 O.S. § 230.30.  Fierro v. Lincoln Gen. Ins. Co., 2009 OK CIV APP 62, 217 P.3d 158 says you can no longer join out-of-state carrier’s insurance company due to single state registration statute.

I have a case filed long before the November 1, 2009 tort deform changes, but pretrial is after that date. Can I dismiss after pretrial unilaterally or does new law apply?

Answer: Statute doesn’t say. I suspect the court will ultimately hold this is procedural and so will be applied retroactively to your case; but that is just a wild guess.

 

 

Effective 11/1, did the 400K cap go into effect for non-professional liability tort cases, even though $20 mil. insurance bond is yet to be financed by the Legislature?

Answer: No. The statute says “this section” shall not become effective until the fund is established. The “Section” refers to the whole caps provision.

Do the legislative changes on November 1st affect service?

Answer: Section 11 of House Bill 1603 changes the provision of 12 O.S. Sec. 2004(I) so that, instead of it saying if service is not made within 180 days the case “may” be dismissed to read “shall be deemed” dismissed.

Are violations of the Oklahoma Unfair Claims Settlement Practices Act admissible in a bad faith claim independently, or through expert testimony, and available as a jury instruction? I recognize that there is no independent cause for such violations.

Answer: Because, as you accurately point out, there is no private right of action, you probably can’t introduce them independently. Historically, we have been able to have our expert use them as an industry standard and get them in that way. However, effective November 1, 2009, House Bill 1603 (The Civil Immunity for Lawbreakers Act) comes into effect. Section 19 of HB 1603 amends 12 O.S. Sec. 2703 to add the language: “Facts or data that are otherwise inadmissible shall not be disclosed to the jury by the proponent of the opinion or inference unless the court determines that their probative value in assisting the jury to evaluate the expert's opinion substantially outweighs their prejudicial effect.”

I have a case against a city and its employee in a car wreck. we sued the city and the employee individually. City admits employee was in course and scope of employment and filed motion to dismiss with prejudice the employee, citing GTCA and case law. Can we keep the employee in the case or should we dismiss?

Answer: The employee’s personal coverage will attach to the city, his employer. The policy will define 3 categories of insured: (1) named insured and member of household, (2) permissive users and (3) person’s legally responsible for the actions of insureds in the first two categories. Just dismiss the employee and proceed against the city.

I have a client from Florida who was in an accident in Oklahoma. Oklahoma driver didn’t have insurance and we made claim on UM. UM wants credit for med pay paid per Bohannan as credits are allowed in Florida. My argument is that Bohannan upheld Pate v. MFA Mut. Ins. Co which made set offs or credits against public policy in Oklahoma so it falls outside the Bohannan case.

Answer: You are not wrong. Bohanan v. Allstate, 1991 OK 64, 820 P.2d 787, reconciles Pate v. MFA, 1982 OK CIV APP 36, 649 P.2d 809 (Oklahoma law applies to invalidate med-pay subrogation, a result contrary to the law of Arkansas, where the policy was issued) , with Rhody v. State Farm Mut. Ins. Co., 771 F.2d 1416 (10th Cir. 1985), (Texas law applies to prevent stacking where policy was issued in Texas but loss occurred in Oklahoma) on the ground that 36 O.S. Sec. 6092 purports on its face to apply to any med-pay existing in the state (wherever issued) while the Oklahoma UM statute purports to apply only to policies issued in Oklahoma. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., et al. v. The State Board for Property and Casualty Rates, 1981 OK 153, 637 P.2d 1251, treats subrogation and set-off the same and forbids set-off of med-pay against UM because of Sec. 6092. Your opponent is just wrong about their interpretation of Bohanan.

Is an employee of tenant business treated as an invitee of building owner?

Answer: Yes, an employee of a tenant is an invitee of the landlord. The cases actually go a long way beyond that, holding that a social guest of a tenant is an invitee. See: Sagona v. Sun Co., Inc., 2002 OK CIV APP 93, 57 P.3d 879 (wife of tenant visiting him in building housing his office, injured in an elevator, was an invitee.) See also Crane Co. v. Sears, 1934 OK 375, 35 P.2d 916: “This liability of the landlord in such cases is not limited to the tenant personally, but includes all persons who, within the contemplation of the parties, were to use the premises under the lease.”

Before wrongful death case was filed, probate court enters an order finding administrator was decedent's common law spouse. Defendant in later filed wrongful death case is now trying to prove administrator was not common law spouse. Seems to me this issue is already decided.

Answer: Your problem is that you can’t bind the trucking company by a finding in the probate to which it was not a party. It has a due process right to litigate that issue. See: State Mut. Life Assurance Co. v. Hampton, 1985 OK 19, 696 P.2d 1027, 1033 (acquittal of wife in a criminal case of killing her husband could not preclude his heirs proving she killed him because of their due process right not to be bound by the finding in a case to which they were not parties.)

I remember a case regarding the improper cancellation of an auto policy for nonpayment of premium. A short reply with the cite or circumstances of cancellation would be appreciated.

Answer: I think you are thinking of Equity Ins. Co. v. City of Jenks, 2008 OK 27, 184 P.3d 541 and Equity Ins. Co. v. St. Clair, 2008 OK 79, 196 P.3d 981. These hold that a cancellation notice issued while the premium is not yet in default that the policy will be canceled if the premium is not paid when due is not an effective cancellation notice.

Plaster v. State Farm, 1989 OK 167, holds that a rejection of UM coverage by less than all named insureds is not a complete rejection. Client is a member of the household of two named insureds with two policies. If both named insureds did not reject the UM, can the UM of both policies be stacked?

Answer: No. In response to Plaster, the next legislature (in1990) amended subsection G of Section 3636 to change “The named insured may reject” to “A named insured may reject.”

We have a case where the interstate trucking company causing wreck had no insurance. Can we recover from the shipper who used the illegal trucking company?

Answer: See: Hudgens, et al., v. Cook Ind., Inc., 1973 OK 145, 521 P.2d 813: Where risk of harm foreseeable, one in commercial enterprise which involves integral part of the business, selection of motor carriers, owes duty to exercise reasonable care to select a competent carrier. Citing Nat. Trailer Convey, Inc. v. Saul, 375 P.2d 922, 923 and overruling Marion Machine Foundry & Supply v. Duncan, 101 P.2d 813. One of the problems with the trucker was that it was uninsured, although that doesn’t seem to be the principal thrust of the case.

Lawsuit against corporation and individuals wherein we are alleging corporate liability based the individuals' conduct under an apparent agency relationship. The individuals are in default. Is there any drawback to proceeding with taking default against the individual defendants and having a hearing to determine damages? Would corporation be stopped from contesting the damages established in the default award, if corporate liability under the apparent agency theory was subsequently established?

Answer: I would be concerned about the “one judgment” rule. That rule states that there can be only one judgment arising out of a given set of operative facts and that once you take that judgment, you cannot obtain a second judgment on the same operative set of facts. See: Retherford v. Halliburton Co., 1977 OK 178, 527 P.2d 966. What is commonly done is to have the court find the defaulting defendants in default but defer entering judgment against them until the issues are determined as to the non-defaulting judgments and then entering judgment against all defendants for the amount of the judgment found against the non-defaulting defendants.

Employee of Union Public Schools is enrolled in a health plan that is self insured through the School district. Can I make a bad faith case against district for failure to timely pay claims?

Answer: This will be tough. The third-party administrator will owe a duty of good faith and fair dealing only if the TPA is really heavily involved in the insurance program in the sense of participating financially in insuring the risk. See: Wathor v. Mutual Assurance Administrators, Inc., 2004 OK 2, 87 P.3d 559. As for the district itself, Fehring v. State Ins. Fund, 2001 OK 11, 19 P.3d 276 seems to say the Governmental Tort Claim Act precludes your bad faith claim; if the district employees acted in bad faith, they are automatically outside the scope of their authority so there could be no liability of the governmental entity for insurance bad faith.

Is UM carrier entitled to offset based upon payments made under medical payments coverage?

Answer: whether the insurance company is entitled to credit against the UM for the med-pay depends on whether the injured insured is a named insured/household member or a person insured only as a person occupying an insured vehicle. If the injured insured is a named insured or household member, the insurance company is not entitled to credit. If, on the other hand the injured insured is insured only as a permissive occupant, the insurance company can take the credit, assuming the policy calls for it. The basis for this rule is 36 O.S. Sec. 6092, which permits subrogation of med-pay where the injured insured is a permissive occupant but not where the injured insured is a named insured or household member. See, Aetna Cas. and Sur. Co. v. State Board of Prop. & Cas. Rates, 1981 OK 153, 637 P.2d 1251.

Does Kansas UM stack?

Answer: No. Kansas has an anti-stacking statute. KSA Sec. 40-284(d): “(d) Coverage under the policy shall be limited to the extent that the total limits available cannot exceed the highest limits of any single applicable policy, regardless of the number of policies involved, persons covered, claims made, vehicles or premiums shown on the policy or premiums paid or vehicles involved in an accident.”

Do MRI and ambulance service liens attach to UM proceeds?

Answer: Under present law, MRI services outside a hospital are not covered. Ambulance service is, under 42 O.S. Sec. 49. As of November 1, 2008, however, an amendment "B" to 42 O.S. Sec. 43 will become effective extending a lien against liability (but not UM) coverage to MRI, CT, and PET imaging outside a hospital.

Delaware corporation claims "internal affairs" doctrine prevents me from piercing corporate veil or alleging alter ego in a claim against a nursing home chain hiding behind its shell corps and Delaware law in order to defeat my recovery.

Answer: I think your opponent misperceives the function of the internal affairs doctrine. It does not apply to your case but rather applies only to questions about disputes or the relationship between and among the corporation and its directors and shareholders. The Supreme Court of Delaware probably best explains this disctinction in McDermott Inc. v. Lewis, 531 A.2d 206, 214-15 (1987).

When state court case is removed to federal court is the state court issued discovery still due in 30 days? Or is it stayed and the FRCP then applies? I am trying to figure out when my discovery deadline is now that my case went from Oklahoma County to the Western District.

Answer: I think Rule 26 will apply and control so that your discovery will not be due until the deadlines are established in the federal court action. Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460 (1965) seems to stand for the proposition that where a federal rule addresses a procedural issue, the federal, rather than the state procedural rule will apply.

Does health insurance company have subro interest in med pay monies?

Answer: Depends on the terms of the health policy. If it refers only to being subrogated against claims against third parties, probably not, under Provident Life & Accid. Ins. Co. v. Ridenour, 1992 OK CIV APP 93, 838 P.2d 530 (Health insurance company not entitled to subrogation against UM, which provides for recovery against third party). Distinguished by Reeds v. Honorable Thomas S. Walker/NAICO v. Reeds, 2006 OK 43, 157 P.3d 100 which allows recovery against other insurance.

I'm looking for forms and procedures for non judicial determination of death to clear title on joint tenancy property without having to do a probate.

Answer: See 12 O.S. Sec. 912.

I've got a case where 2 adults were given an excessive amount of alcohol. My client gets in the car with the other drunk guy driving, driver flips the car and my client is injured. Am I correct that dram shop only applies when the tavern owner provides alcohol to minors or is the bar liable in this scenario?

Answer: There is at least a theoretical dram shop case. I say theoretical because of the obvious contrib. problem of your client having been drinking with and then riding with the drunk. There is also the practical problem that most bars don’t have dram shop liability coverage and it is devilishly hard to collect if you get a judgment. If the server is not a bar, you have a social dramshop claim, which will not give rise to liability. Here are some of the cases: Brigance v. Velvet Dove Restaurant, Inc., 725 P.2d 300 (Okla. 1986); Ohio Cas. Ins. Co. v. Todd, 813 P.2d 508 (Okla. 1991)(Intoxicated person may not recover for his own injuries (reversing earlier decision on rehearing)); Teel v. Warren, 2001 OK CIV APP 46, 22 P.3d 234 (Ct. of Civil Appeals will leave to Supreme Court whether to recognize social host liability, citing Battles v. Cough, 1997 OK CIV APP 62, 947 P.2d 600).

Client injured on the job - hit by a car driven for state entity. Can client elect between filing a comp claim or pursuing third-party governmental tort claim?

Answer: You cannot decline Work Comp and thereby have a GTCA claim. 51 O.S. Sec. 155(14) says the state shall not be liable for "Any loss to any person covered by any workers' compensation act or any employer's liability act;" Your client is covered by work comp whether a claim is filed or not. So, the bottom line is you cannot elect. You also cannot recover both and pay subrogation. I would think this also causes the tort-feasor to be uninsured so you can collect UM which, of course, will not be subject to work comp subrogation. So, your client may come out better than you would otherwise expect, assuming your client has UM.

1. Minor involved in MVA; 2. Minor's parent's incur medical bills; 3. Minor files lawsuit medical bills not allowed in suit by judge; 4. Minor loses lawsuit (asking for P and S only); 5. Mom wishes to file lawsuit to ask medical bills be paid. Is mom's claim precluded?

Answer: Assuming Mom was not a party to the prior suit, she should not be precluded. I would worry, however, whether the statute may have run on her claim and would have a very practical worry how you’re going to win that case when the minor could not.

I took over a case where two companies were sued in Oklahoma County. They denied jurisdiction in Oklahoma County saying they are not citizens of Oklahoma or Oklahoma County (they haven't removed). I later filed suit against two other defendants in Tulsa County, one of which is a resident of Tulsa County. I want to transfer the Oklahoma County case to Tulsa and consolidate the two actions. Do I move for transfer and consolidation in the Tulsa or the OKC case?

Answer: Be aware you have two different issues going here. One is whether the Oklahoma courts (any Oklahoma court, including federal court) has jurisdiction over the out-of-state defendant, which evidently claims an insufficient connection with Oklahoma to be subject to suit in Oklahoma. On that issue, they will be talking about World-Wide Volkswagen v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462 and Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court, 480 U.S. 102. The other is venue, that is, assuming the Oklahoma courts have jurisdiction, which is the proper county in Oklahoma in which to try the case. You'll have to file your transfer motion in OKC, in the county where the original suit was filed. I don’t know enough about your facts to know whether jurisdiction in Oklahoma is proper or whether venue is proper in Oklahoma County but you need to keep the distinction in mind.

If the judge denies challenge for cause do I have to use a pre-emptory on that particular juror to preserve error; or do I simply have to use all pre-emptories before accepting the jury?

Answer: Actually, you have to exhaust all your peremptory challenges and show that you have another juror on the panel you find objectionable. See: Cox v. Sarkeys, 1956 OK 294, 304 P.2d 979, 984-5

Insurance company has refused to defend policyholder saying there is no coverage for the claim. We want to enter consent judgment and then pursue garnishment against policy. Policy says insured may make no statement that will assume any obligation or admit any liability, for any “loss” for which we may be liable, without our consent. Given this, is there any way to enter into a consent judgment without losing possibility of coverage?

Answer: There is an old Tenth Circuit case, Traders & Gen. Ins. Co. v. Rudco Oil & Gas Co., 129 F.2d 621, which says if the insurance company unreasonably denies coverage, it is estopped to assert the “assume any liability” clause. There, the insured actually settled and paid the money, but that may not be the only way to do this. Some states (but not Oklahoma – yet) permit the insured to agree to a judgment and make a deal with the injured plaintiff under which the insured agrees to a judgment and gets a covenant not to execute on the judgment in return for an assignment of the insured’s claim against the insurance company. In Arizona, these have come to be called “Damron” assignments, after Damron v. Sledge, 460 P.2d 997 (AZ 1969). This is probably the direction in which we need to move Oklahoma law. We’re not there just yet, though.

Ins. Co. states it will pay for one (1) layer of removal and one (1) layer of replacement. However, roofing contractors are saying that it is impossible to do work to code by just removing one layer.... Any thoughts on this?

Answer: Gutkowski v. Oklahoma Farmers Union Mut. Ins. Co., 2008 OK CIV APP 8, 176 P.3d 1232 seems to hold the insurance company has to replace whatever needs to be replaced to properly repair the roof.

If husband is driving and wife is injured through his fault, can wife (a named insured on their policy) recover full amount of LIABILITY policy and full amount of UIM policy as well?

Answer: She should be able to recover both. See: Heavner v. Farmers, 1983 OK 51, 663 P.2d 730 and State Farm v. Wendt, 1985 OK 75, 708 P.2d 581. If there is a household exclusion (eliminating coverage if the injured person is the named insured or member of the household) the insurance company may argue that the exclusion is invalid only to the extent there is no coverage available to the wife so that she can recover up to $25,000 from one or the other of liability or UM, but not both. See as an example of this argument Justice Opala’s concurring opinion in Nation v. State Farm Ins. Co., 1994 OK 54, 880 P.2d 877. However, the other justices did not go along and I think the insurance company has its work cut out for it selling this theory to the present court.

Client in pure uninsured motorist position after motorcycle crash has two UM policies (different companies) one on the motorcycle and the other on her car. Evaluation is below both 25K UM limits. It is my position that both UM policies must evaluate and pay from first dollar since client paid separate premiums to separate carriers. Carrier on car says its UM is excess beyond motorcycle UM (relying on "payments by 'other policies'" provision. thoughts?

Answer: The insurance companies are wrong and getting dangerously close to a bad faith case. Both are primary and cannot insist that the insured wait for them to sort out who is primary and who is excess. See: Mustain v. United States Fidelity and Guaranty Co., et al., 1996 OK 98, 925 P.2d 533 (UM insurance is primary as between the insured and UM insurer; UM insurer’s responsibility to insured cannot be conditioned on amount of other coverage.)

I'm looking for Oklahoma cases where the attorney fee award significantly exceeded the amount of the verdict.

Answer: S.W. Bell Telephone Company v. Parker Pest Control, Inc., 737 P.2d 1168 (Okla. 1987)(Amount involved is just one criteria; approves $3,000 fee on $1,500 confession of judgment).

Mom and Dad are separated or divorced. Dad's policy includes Daughter A's car. Daughter A lives in college dorm. Daughter B lives with mom. Daughter B is riding with Daughter A, accident in which there is a claim Daughter A is partly at fault. Daughter A is a disclosed driver of the vehicle. Is there any reasonable question or argument that the UM coverage applies as to Daughter B's injuries?

Answer: There’s lots to chew on here. Daughter B’s injuries will be covered under Dad’s policy because she was insured as an occupant of that vehicle. She will also be entitled to the liability coverage of that policy because Daughter A is covered under the liability of that policy. If Dad has other cars insured, you may be able to make Daughter B an insured under his policies for UM as well as under Mom’s. She will be insured under Mom’s policies because she is clearly a household member. It is possible for children to be residents of both Mom and Dad’s households at the same time. If they are separated but not yet divorced, that will certainly be the case. Even if they are divorced, if Daughter B spends substantial time at Dad’s house, she can also be a resident of his household. There’s a whole complex of things you look at: how much time she spends at Dad’s, does she have a room there, keep clothing or other personal property there, list Dad’s address with schools, etc. For some guidance on this see: Anno. 66 A.L.R.5th 264; Widiss 2d §4.13; Schermer §27.03[1]; No-Fault & UM Ins. §24.10[2][d].

I represent two Oklahoma residents in Missouri auto wreck. Can I combine their damages to meet amount in controversy to file in federal court so as not to have to file in Missouri?

Answer: You cannot aggregate claims from different individuals to reach the jurisdictional amount. See: Donato v. Parillo, 278 F.Supp. 892 (D.C.N.Y. 1967), Curtis v. Peerless Ins. Co., 299 F.Supp. 429 (D. Minn. 1969). Your question implies another problem though--it appears you think you can sue the Missouri defendants in federal court in Oklahoma where you don't have jurisdiction to sue them in our state courts. Except for a very few special cases (such as interpleader) the personal jurisdiction over a defendant in federal court is no broader than the personal jurisdiction of an Oklahoma court over that same defendant. It gets worse. If you sue in Oklahoma and can’t establish personal jurisdiction over the Missouri defendants and the statute has runs in Missouri, your claim is barred and will not be saved by 12 O.S. Sec. 100, the saving statute which permits you to refile within a year. Unless you are pretty sure you can get jurisdiction in an Oklahoma court, you need to get your suit field in Missouri within their statute of limitation.

Client was injured in a collision with construction debris dropped on road by unknown vehicle. Can I collect UM money?

Answer: There is not an Oklahoma case on this, but you should be able to recover UM. A lot of states deny recovery in the “object in the road” cases. See, in this regard, Widiss, Uninsured and Underinsured Motorist Insurance, Sec. 9.6 (3) “Accidents Involving Objects Lying on the Roadway.” (I have this in my law library, if you do not otherwise have handy access to it.) However, these cases are mostly from states which uphold the validity of an “actual physical contact” requirement in the policy. Oklahoma does not, under Biggs v. State Farm, 1977 OK 135, 569 P.2d 430.

In a wrongful death case against the county am I capped under GTCA at $125,000 each for mother and father, or for one total of $125,000?

Answer: You are limited to one "claim" for a total of $125,000 (or $175,000 depending on the county). See, Carlson v. City of Broken Arrow, 1992 OK 163, 844 P.2d 152.

Appointed personal rep files wrongful death case individually and as personal representative of the estate. Defendant moves for summary judgment claiming Joe Blow can’t sue individually, but only on behalf of the estate. Any thoughts?

Answer: You need to dismiss the case as to the individual. A wrongful death case can be brought by the next of kin only when no personal rep has been appointed. See: 12 O.S. Sec. 1054: “In all cases where the residence of the party whose death has been caused as set forth in the preceding section of this article is at the time of his death in any other state or territory, or when, being a resident of this state, no personal representative is or has been appointed, the action provided in the said section may be brought by the widow, or where there is no widow, by the next of kin of such deceased.” The preceding section, Sec. 1053 provides for an action which must be brought by the personal rep: “A. When the death of one is caused by the wrongful act or omission of another, the personal representative of the former may maintain an action therefore”

Isn't it true a health insurance subrogation claim is null and void against a GTCA case?

Answer: That's a good question. 51 O.S. Sec. 155(27) says: “The state or a political subdivision shall not be liable if a loss or claim results from... 27. Any claim or action based on the theory of indemnification or subrogation...” Does this mean the injured plaintiff can collect for the medical bills paid under a subrogated health policy or does it mean the injured employee can’t recover for those medical bills, since the statute exempts the governmental entity from the liability. The governmental entities’ lawyers will argue the latter, arguing that the statute is obviously not intended to provide a windfall for injured plaintiffs. The injured plaintiffs’ lawyers will argue that the statute doesn’t, on its face, purport to deal with whether the injured plaintiff can recover but only says the subrogated entity cannot recover subrogation. Get ready to go to the Supreme Court.